Chapter # 1 – Pakistan’s Ideology and its Historical Background

1.3.4. Explain the Reasons for the Emergence of Khilafat Movement (1919-1924)Top of Form

What constituted the Khilafat Movement from 1919 to 1924?

 The Khilafat Movement during the years 1919 to 1924 represented the collective efforts of Indian Muslims to uphold the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Central to their demands was the insistence that the British refrain from interfering with the status of the Sultan as the Khalifa, or spiritual leader, of Muslims worldwide. After the conclusion of the Treaty of Sevres, Indian Muslims had feared that the British would attempt to break Turkey into peace in revenge. In response to these concerns, prominent figures such as the Ali brothers – Chaudhry Rehmat and Chaudhry Muhammad Ali – spearheaded the movement to safeguard Turkey’s sovereignty. Notable supporters of the Khilafat Movement also included individuals like Hakim Ajmal Khan and the Congress leader Abul Kalam Azad.

Reasons for the emergence of Khilafat Movement (1919-1924)

Concern for the Safety of Holy Sites

 Following World War I, the Allied occupation of regions with significant Islamic holy sites, such as Jerusalem and Mecca, sparked anxiety among Muslims globally, including in India. The fear of desecration or disrespect to these sacred places fueled the need to protect the Ottoman Empire, which held custodianship over many of these sites.

British Threat to Abolish the Khalifa

The Ottoman Sultan, as the Khalifa, symbolized the unity of the Muslim Ummah (community). Indian Muslims, like Muslims worldwide, regarded the Khalifa with deep reverence. British intentions to abolish the Khalifa post-war, despite earlier assurances to respect Ottoman sovereignty, led to widespread outrage and disillusionment among Indian Muslims.

Preservation of Territorial Integrity of the Ottoman Empire

British promises to maintain the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire were seen as crucial for upholding the institution of Khilafat. The potential dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire threatened the existence of the Khalifa, prompting Indian Muslims to mobilize in support of Turkey’s territorial integrity.

Role of the Indian National Congress and Gandhi in Khilafat Movement

The Indian National Congress, under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership, played a significant role in supporting the Khilafat Movement. Gandhi’s collaboration with the Ali brothers and other Khilafat leaders helped galvanize widespread support, transcending religious boundaries. The Congress’ backing lent legitimacy and mass appeal to the movement, leading to nationwide protests and agitation against British rule.

Despite its initial momentum, the Khilafat Movement faced several challenges that ultimately led to its failure:

1. Gandhi’s Withdrawal of Support

The Chauri-Chaura incident, where protestors burned policemen alive, prompted Gandhi to retract his endorsement of the non-cooperation movement, a key pillar of the Khilafat Movement. This decision disillusioned many supporters, weakening the movement’s momentum.

2. Turkish Reforms

 The emergence of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in Turkey signaled a shift towards secularism and modernization, culminating in the abolition of the Khalifa in 1924. With the symbolic head of Khilafat dismantled, the movement lost its raison d’être, hastening its demise.

Conclusion

while the Khilafat Movement reflected Indian Muslims’ sincere efforts to safeguard the Ottoman Empire’s Khalifa, internal and external challenges, including shifts in Turkish governance and Gandhi’s strategic decisions, contributed to its ultimate failure.