PAK-STUDIES NOTES-GRADE 9th

Chapter # 3 – Emergence of Pakistan

3.1 Towards Pakistan Resolution (1940)

3.1.1. Analyze the Reasons for Muslim League’s Failure in the General Elections of 1936-37.

Background:

The Government of India Act 1935 introduced representative government at the provincial level, leading to elections in February 1937 based on separate electorates. These elections saw participation from various local political parties, including the All-India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress.

The All-India Muslim League campaigned enthusiastically but faced disappointment in the results. Out of the 482 Muslim seats, the League won only 109. In contrast, the Indian National Congress won most seats for both Hindus and Muslims, forming governments in the provinces.

Reasons for Failure:

Image of the League:

The League’s image as a party representing upper-class Muslims was a factor in its poor performance. Common Muslims viewed its leaders as aristocrats, lacking a connection with the majority of poor Muslims. Poverty and illiteracy among Muslims were cited as reasons for their ignorance about the League’s purpose, leading them to favor Congress as a party of the poor.

Poor Organization

The League lacked organization and official setup at lower levels, hindering its ability to convey its message and gain public support. In contrast, the Congress was well-organized, enjoying widespread support and influencing people with its secular slogans.

Ineffective Campaign

Due to weak organization and planning, the League’s election campaign was ineffective compared to Congress. Congress, with its organized structure, ran a successful campaign that appealed to both Hindus and Muslims.

Lack of Prior Experience

Muslims did not have a negative experience of Congress rule, leading them to support Congress for its pro-people and secular outlook. A prior bitter experience could have prompted Muslims to reconsider their decision to vote for Congress.

Congress Dominance

The Indian National Congress enjoyed widespread support across religious and regional lines. Their inclusive approach attracted voters from diverse communities, including Muslims who viewed Congress as a more viable political option.

British Support for Congress

The British colonial authorities favored the Congress party over the Muslim League as a more reliable partner for governance. This preference affected how the elections were run and made it harder for the Muslim League to win votes.