According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, what is the primary crisis or challenge faced during early childhood (ages 3-6)?
A) Trust vs. Mistrust
B) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C) Initiative vs. Guilt
D) Identity vs. Role Confusion
Who developed the theory of classical conditioning, which involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response?
A) John Watson
B) F. Skinner
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Ivan Pavlov
Who developed the theory of moral development, which includes stages such as preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality?
A) Erik Erikson
B) John Dewey
C) Jean Piaget
D) Lawrence Kohlberg
According to Erikson’s theory, which stage occurs during middle adulthood (ages 40-65) and focuses on generativity vs. stagnation?
A) Identity vs. Role Confusion
B) Intimacy vs. Isolation
C) Generativity vs. Stagnation
D) Integrity vs. Despair
In the context of educational psychology, what does “mastery learning” emphasize?
A) The importance of competition among students
B) The role of self-determination in learning
C) The idea that students should achieve a high level of proficiency in a topic before moving on to the next
D) The use of rewards and punishments to shape behavior
Which type of memory is responsible for storing information about how to perform specific tasks and skills?
A) Semantic memory
B) Episodic memory
C) Procedural memory
D) Declarative memory
What is the importance of cultural “tools of intellectual adaptation” in Vygotsky’s theory?
A) They have no significance
B) They allow children to use their abilities adaptively to their culture
C) They only affect genetic development
D) They are irrelevant to learning
Why did Vygotsky’s theories become less well-known initially, according to the content?
A) Due to the lack of publication
B) Due to a lack of influence
C) Due to his early death and suppression of his work in Stalinist Russia
D) Due to a lack of research support
What is the concept of “scaffolding” in the context of sociocultural theory?
A) Providing specific prompts to move the child progressively forward toward a goal
B) Ignoring the needs of the child
C) Avoiding interactions with more capable peers
D) Leaving the child to solve problems independently
How does Vygotsky view the role of cultural events in shaping psychological growth?