Who is known for the concept of “self-efficacy” in explaining motivation and achievement?
A) Abraham Maslow
B) Jean Piaget
C) Albert Bandura
D) Lev Vygotsky
What is the term for a type of memory that holds information for a short period and is actively manipulated?
A) Long-term memory
B) Sensory memory
C) Working memory
D) Semantic memory
Which term refers to the process of organizing information into meaningful units to aid memory?
A) Encoding
B) Retrieval
C) Chunking
D) Forgetting
In the context of learning and memory, what does “metacognition” refer to?
A) Thinking about thinking and monitoring one’s own learning
B) The process of forming associations between stimuli and responses
C) The ability to remember detailed information
D) The study of the physical structures of the brain
What is the term for a learner’s belief about their own capabilities to perform a task?
A) Self-esteem
B) Self-concept
C) Self-regulation
D) Self-efficacy
According to the social cognitive theory, what is “observational learning”?
A) Learning through trial and error
B) Learning through direct instruction from a teacher
C) Learning by watching others and imitating their behavior
D) Learning through reinforcement and punishment
Which educational psychology concept is related to the idea that students are more motivated to learn when they perceive the material as relevant to their goals?
A) Self-determination theory
B) Extrinsic motivation
C) Intrinsic motivation
D) Situated learning
What term describes the process of adapting one’s cognitive structures to incorporate new information?
A) Assimilation
B) Accommodation
C) Conditioning
D) Insight
In the context of educational psychology, what does “scaffolding” refer to?
A) Providing support and guidance to help learners progress
B) The process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory
C) A form of assessment that involves open-ended questions
D) The use of rewards and punishments to shape behavior