What is the term for the cognitive process of forming a mental image or representation of an object or concept?
A) Perception
B) Imprinting
C) Visualization
D) Association
What is the term for a learned response to a specific stimulus, such as salivating when hearing a bell ring?
A) Reinforcement
B) Classical conditioning
C) Operant conditioning
D) Observational learning
In the context of motivation, what is the term for the desire to achieve competence and self-improvement?
A) Mastery motivation
B) Extrinsic motivation
C) Intrinsic motivation
D) Performance motivation
What is the term for the process of learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others?
A) Operant conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Insight learning
According to Erik Erikson, what is the primary developmental task during the stage of “Industry vs. Inferiority”?
A) Developing trust
B) Achieving autonomy
C) Competence and mastery
D) Identity formation
Which theory suggests that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, with physiological needs at the base and self-actualization at the top?
A) Social learning theory
B) Cognitive dissonance theory
C) Hierarchy of needs theory (Maslow)
D) Two-factor theory (Herzberg)
What is the term for the tendency to remember information at the beginning and end of a list better than information in the middle?
A) Primacy effect
B) Recency effect
C) Serial position effect
D) Availability heuristic
Who is known for the theory of “social cognitive learning,” which emphasizes the importance of self-regulation and self-control in learning and behavior?
A) Erik Erikson
B) F. Skinner
C) Albert Bandura
D) Abraham Maslow
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again?
A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Punishment
D) Extinction
Which type of memory is responsible for storing general knowledge and facts?