Chapter # 8 – Political Development in Pakistan 1947-2002

8.2. General Ayub Khan Era (1958-1969)

8.2.1 Discuss the Reasons for the Promulgation of Martial Law and General Ayub Khan Coming to Power.

Introduction

The promulgation of martial law and the ascent of General Ayub Khan to power in Pakistan marked a significant turning point in the nation’s history. Emerging from a backdrop of political instability, economic challenges, and social discontent, these events reshaped the political landscape and set the stage for a new era of governance. This essay explores the reasons behind the imposition of martial law and General Ayub Khan’s rise to power, highlighting the complex interplay of political, economic, and social factors that propelled Pakistan into a period of military rule. By examining these factors, we gain insight into the underlying dynamics that shaped Pakistan’s political evolution and the consequences of military intervention in governance.

1. Political Instability and Governance Issues:
   • Pakistan faced significant political instability and governance challenges in the years following its independence in 1947. Civilian governments struggled to address pressing issues such as economic development, social welfare, and national security.
   • The inability of civilian leaders to provide effective governance created a sense of disillusionment among the public and paved the way for military intervention.
2. Desire for Stability and Development:
   • Against the backdrop of political instability and economic uncertainty, there was a growing desire among sections of society for stability and development.
   • General Ayub Khan presented himself as a strong and decisive leader capable of providing stability, implementing economic reforms, and modernizing the country. His promises of economic development resonated with many Pakistanis weary of political chaos.
3. Military’s Perception of Crisis:
   • The military perceived a crisis of governance and viewed itself as the savior of the nation. They saw martial law as a means to restore order, stability, and efficiency in governance.
   • Ayub Khan’s regime justified its intervention by citing the need to root out corruption, inefficiency, and mismanagement in civilian institutions.
4. Economic Challenges and Development:
   • Ayub Khan’s economic reforms aimed to increase economic growth and modernize Pakistan’s economy. While these reforms led to significant economic growth, critics argue that the benefits were unevenly distributed and did not reach the common people.
   • The emergence of a new elite class through land reforms and concentration of economic power in the hands of a few families contributed to public discontent.
5. Public Dissatisfaction and Opposition:
   • Ayub Khan’s authoritarian rule, censorship of the media, and suppression of political dissent led to public dissatisfaction and opposition.
   • Student movements demanding the restoration of democracy gained momentum, culminating in widespread protests and calls for Ayub Khan’s resignation.

Rise of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

The rise of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the formation of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) marked a significant turning point in Pakistan’s political landscape. Bhutto, who previously served as Foreign Minister in Ayub Khan’s administration, resigned in 1966 due to disagreements with Ayub Khan over the terms of the Tashkent Agreement of 1965. Bhutto believed that the president’s handling of the negotiations resulted in the war’s victory on the battlefield being compromised.

In 1967, leveraging support from leftist political figures, Bhutto established the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), ushering in a new era of political activism. Bhutto’s charismatic leadership and the PPP’s platform resonated with the public, leading to widespread protests and disturbances across the country. These protests, initially fueled by student activism, gained momentum under Bhutto’s leadership, ultimately spiraling into riots and a breakdown of law and order in 1968.

The unrest extended to East Pakistan, where the Awami League mobilized against the government, intensifying pressure on Ayub Khan’s administration. Faced with mounting turmoil and public discontent, Ayub Khan ultimately resigned, relinquishing power to General Mohammad Yahya Khan, the Army Chief of Staff.

Conclusion

The promulgation of martial law and General Ayub Khan’s rise to power in Pakistan were driven by a complex interplay of political, economic, and social factors. While Ayub Khan’s regime initially promised stability and development, public dissatisfaction, economic disparities, and political opposition ultimately led to his resignation and the transfer of power to the military.