PAKISTAN STUDIES NOTES-GRADE 10TH

Chapter # 10 – Pakistan in World Affairs

Pakistan’s Relationship with Iran with Reference to Strengths and Issues.

Introduction

The relationship between Pakistan and Iran has been multifaceted, characterized by a blend of historical bonds, economic cooperation, and persistent challenges. Rooted in shared religious, political, and cultural ties, the two nations have navigated through complex geopolitical landscapes while striving to address mutual concerns. However, diverging strategic interests, security issues, and sectarian tensions have underscored the intricate nature of their relationship. This essay aims to delve into the strengths and issues shaping Pakistan’s relationship with Iran, shedding light on the dynamics influencing bilateral ties.

1. Historical ties: Pakistan and Iran have historically shared strong religious, political, and cultural ties. They were early supporters of each other and became members of the Baghdad Pact together.
2. Religious Affinity: Despite being predominantly Sunni and Shia respectively, Pakistan and Iran share significant Muslim populations. This religious affinity fosters people-to-people interactions, pilgrimages, and religious tourism between the two countries, promoting cultural exchange and mutual understanding.
3. Economic cooperation: Despite challenges in their relationship, both countries have engaged in economic cooperation, particularly in trade and energy sectors. Pakistan approved the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project during the tenure of the Pakistan People’s Party government.
4. Shared regional security concerns: Both countries have shared concerns about regional security, particularly in relation to Afghanistan and the broader Middle East. They have collaborated, albeit with limitations, in addressing common security challenges.

Issues:

1. Diverging strategic interests: Pakistan and Iran have diverging strategic interests, particularly evident in their stances on regional issues such as Afghanistan and Middle Eastern politics. This has led to tensions and conflicts of interest.
2. Security concerns and trust deficit: There is a significant trust deficit between the two countries, exacerbated by mutual suspicions regarding each other’s involvement in activities detrimental to their national security. Cross-border attacks by Baloch militants in Iran and allegations of RAW activities in Pakistan have further strained relations.
3. Sectarian tensions: Sectarian tensions, particularly related to Shia recruitment from Pakistan for conflicts in Syria and Iran’s alleged involvement in supporting certain Shia groups in Pakistan, have added complexity to the relationship.
4. Sanctions and Trade Barriers: International sanctions on Iran have disrupted trade and economic ties, posing challenges for Pakistan. Trade barriers, currency fluctuations, and banking restrictions hinder bilateral trade between the two countries. Despite efforts to maintain economic relations, Pakistan faces difficulties adhering to global norms while navigating these obstacles.
5. Differing Regional Visions: Pakistan’s alignment with Saudi Arabia and Iran’s involvement in conflicts like the Syrian civil war and Yemeni civil war create divergent regional visions. Balancing these alliances poses a challenge for Pakistan as it seeks to maintain relationships with both countries while safeguarding its own interests and avoiding regional conflicts.

Conclusion

The relationship between Pakistan and Iran reflects a blend of historical bonds, economic cooperation, and persistent challenges. Despite shared religious and cultural ties, diverging strategic interests and security concerns have contributed to tensions and mistrust between the two nations. Addressing these issues requires proactive dialogue, mutual understanding, and a commitment to enhancing economic cooperation while mitigating the impact of regional geopolitics on bilateral relations. By prioritizing constructive engagement and mutual respect, Pakistan and Iran can work towards fostering a more stable and prosperous relationship in the years to come.